Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy. Literature review | Ukrainian Medical Journal

The article presents the etiopathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an analysis of scientific studies covering the symptoms, methods for diagnosing, severity classifications, possible complications of the course of COVID-19 taking into account pregnancy and existing risk factors that may affect on the severity of the course of the disease. The publications and recommendations on the choice of tactics of management of pregnant women were analyzed, covering the timing and methods of delivery, antiviral therapy, the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids. A literature review on the impact of COVID-19 on the blood coagulation system, the possibility of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and breastfeeding was carried out.

References:

Allotey J., Stallings E., Bonet M. et al. (2020) Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: living systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 370: m3320. DOI:10.1136/bmj.m3320.
Berghella V., Hughes B. (2020) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): pregnancy issues and antenatal care (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-pregnancy-issues).
Boelig R.C., Manuck T., Oliver E.A. et al. (2020) Labor and delivery guidance for COVID-19. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM, 2(2): 100110. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100110.
Cai Q., Yang M., Liu D. et al. (2020) Experimental Treatment with Favipiravir for COVID-19: An Open-Label Control Study. Engineering (Beijing), 6(10): 1192–1198. doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.03.007.
Chambers C., Krogstad P., Bertrand K. et al. (2020) Evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 in Breast Milk From 18 Infected Women. JAMA, 324(13): 1347–1348. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.15580.
Chen D., Yang H., Cao Y. et al. (2020) Expert consensus for managing pregnant women and neonates born to mothers with suspected or confirmed novel coronavirus (COVID‐19) infection. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet., 149: 130–136. DOI:10.1002/ijgo.13146.
Chen L., Li Q., Zheng D. et al. (2020) Clinical Characteristics of Pregnant Women with Covid-19 in Wuhan, China. N. Engl. J. Med., 382: e100. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2009226.
Delahoy M.J., Whitaker M., O’Halloran A. et al. (2020) Characteristics and Maternal and Birth Outcomes of Hospitalized Pregnant Women with Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 – COVID-NET, 13 States, March 1-August 22, 2020. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep., 69(38): 1347–1354 (http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6938e1).
Donders F., Lonnée-Hoffmann R., Tsiakalos A. et al.; Isidog Covid-Guideline Workgroup (2020) ISIDOG Recommendations Concerning COVID-19 and Pregnancy. Diagnostics (Basel), 10(4): 243. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics10040243.
Dong L., Tian J., He S. et al. (2020) Possible Vertical Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 From an Infected Mother to Her Newborn. JAMA, 323(18): 1846–1848. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.4621.
Ellington S., Strid P., Tong V.T.et al. (2020) Characteristics of Women of Reproductive Age with Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Pregnancy Status — United States, January 22–June 7, 2020. Weekly, 69(25): 769–775.
Elshafeey F., Magdi R., Hindi N. (2020) A systematic scoping review of COVID-19 during pregnancy and childbirth. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 150(1): 47–52. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.13182.
Fan C., Lei D., Fang C. et al. (2020) Perinatal Transmission of COVID-19 Associated SARS-CoV-2: Should We Worry? Clin. Infect. Dis., ciaa226. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa226.
Gautret P., Lagier J.C., Parola P. et al. (2020) Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open‐label non‐randomized clinical trial. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, Mar. 20: 105949.
Hayakawa S., Komine‐Aizawa S., Mor G.G. (2020) Covid‐19 pandemic and pregnancy. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res., 46: 1958–1966. DOI:10.1111/jog.14384.
Hosier H., Farhadian Sh.F., Morotti R.A. et al. (2020) SARS-CoV-2 infection of the placenta. J. Clin. Invest., 130(9): 4947–4953. doi: 10.1172/JCI139569.
Huang C., Wang Y., Li X. et al. (2020) Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 395(10223): 497–506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
Huntley B.J.F., Huntley E.S., Di Mascio D. et al. (2020) Rates of Maternal and Perinatal Mortality and Vertical Transmission in Pregnancies Complicated by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Co-V-2) Infection: A Systematic Review. Obstet. Gynecol., 136(2): 303–312. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004010.
ISUOG (2020) ISUOG Interim Guidance on 2019 novel coronavirusinfection during pregnancy and puerperium: informationfor healthcare professionals (https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/uog.22013).
Jiao J. (2020) Under the epidemic situation of COVID‐19, should special attention to pregnant women be given? J. Med. Virol., 92: 1371–1372. DOI:10.1002/jmv.25771.
Juusela A., Nazir M., Gimovsky M. (2020) Two cases of coronavirus 2019-related cardiomyopathy in pregnancy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM, 2: 100113. DOI:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100113.
Kalafat E., Yaprak E., Cinar G. et al. (2020) Lung ultrasound and computed tomographic findings in pregnant woman with COVID‐19. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 55: 835–837. DOI:10.1002/uog.22034.
Karimi-Zarchi M., Neamatzadeh H., Dastgheib S.A. et al. (2020) Vertical Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) from Infected Pregnant Mothers to Neonates: A Review. Fetal. Pediatr. Pathol., 39(3): 246–250. doi: 10.1080/15513815.2020.1747120.
Liang H., Acharya G. (2020) Novel corona virus disease (COVID-19) in pregnancy: what clinical recommendations to follow? Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 99: 439–442. DOI:10.1111/aogs.13836.
Lippi G., Plebani M., Henry B.M. (2020) Thrombocytopenia is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infections: a meta-analysis. Clin. Chim. Acta, 506: 145–148.
Li Z., Wang X., Cao D. et al. (2020) Rapid review for the anti‐coronavirus effect of remdesivir. Drug Discov. Ther., 14: 73–76.
Liu D., Li L., Wu X. et al. (2020) Pregnancy and Perinatal Outcomes of Women With Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pneumonia: A Preliminary Analysis. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol., 215(1): 127–132. doi: 10.2214/AJR.20.23072.
London V., McLaren R.Jr., Atallah F. et al. (2020) The Relationship between Status at Presentation and Outcomes among Pregnant Women with COVID-19. Am. J. Perinatol., 37(10): 991–994. DOI:10.1055/s-0040-1712164.
Lu D., Sang L., Du S. et al. (2020) Asymptomatic COVID‐19 infection in late pregnancy indicated no vertical transmission. J. Med. Virol., 92: 1660–1664. DOI:10.1002/jmv.25927.
Martínez-Perez O., Vouga M., Cruz Melguizo S. et al. (2020) Association Between Mode of Delivery Among Pregnant Women With COVID-19 and Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Spain. JAMA, 324: 296. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.10125.
Matar R., Alrahmani L., Monzer N. et al. (2020) Clinical Presentation and Outcomes of Pregnant Women with COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin. Infect. Dis., ciaa828. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa828.
Matsuyama S., Kawase M., Naganori N. et al. (2020) The inhaled corticosteroid ciclesonide blocks coronavirus RNA replication by targeting viral NSP15. bioRxiv 2020.
McIntosh J.J. (2020) Corticosteroid Guidance for Pregnancy during COVID-19 Pandemic. Am. J. Perinatol., 37(8): 809–812. doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1709684.
Moro F., Buonsenso D., Moruzzi M.C. et al. (2020) How to perform lung ultrasound in pregnant women with suspected COVID‐19. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 55: 593–598. DOI:10.1002/uog.22028.
Ogawa H., Asakura H. (2020) Consideration of Tranexamic Acid Administration to COVID-19 Patients. Physiol. rev., 100(4): 1595–1596. DOI:10.1152/physrev.00023.2020.
Panahi L., Amiri M., Pouy S. (2020) Risks of Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) in Pregnancy; a Narrative Review. Arch. Acad. Emerg. Med., 8(1): e34.
Pique-Regi R., Romero R., Tarca A.L. et al. (2020) Does the human placenta express the canonical cell entry mediators for SARS-CoV-2? Elife, 9: e58716. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.58716.
Qi H., Luo X., Zheng Y. et al. (2020) Safe delivery for pregnancies affected by COVID‐19. BJOG, 127: 927–929. DOI:10.1111/1471-0528.16231.
RECOVERY Collaborative Group (2020) Lopinavir–ritonavir in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): a randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial. Lancet, 396(10259): 1345–1352.
Rinott E., Kozer E., Shapira Y. et al. (2020) Ibuprofen use and clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Clin. Microbiol. Infect., 26(9): 1259.e5–1259.e7.
Saad A.F., Chappell L., Saade G.R., Pacheco L.D. (2020) Corticosteroids in the Management of Pregnant Patients With Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Obstet. Gynecol., 136(4): 823–826. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004103.
Savasi V.M., Parisi F., Patanè L. et al. (2020) Clinical Findings and Disease Severity in Hospitalized Pregnant Women With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Obstet. Gynecol., 136(2): 252–258. DOI:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003979.
Stephens A.J., Barton J.R., Bentum N.A. et al. (2020) General Guidelines in the Management of an Obstetrical Patient on the Labor and Delivery Unit during the COVID-119 Pandemic. Am. J. Perinatol., 37(8): 829–836. DOI:110.1055/s-0040-1710308.
Tang N., Li D., Wang X. (2020) Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J. Thromb. Haemost., 18(4): 844–847. doi: 10.1111/jth.14768.
Thachil J., Tang N., Gando S. et al. (2020) ISTH interim guidance on recognition and management of coagulopathy in COVID‐19. J. Thromb. Haemostas., 18(5): 1023–1026. DOI:10.1111/jth.14810.
Tolcher M.C., McKinney J.R., Eppes C.S. et al. (2020) Prone Positioning for Pregnant Women With Hypoxemia Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Obstet. Gynecol., 136(2): 259–261. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000004012.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2020) FDA advises patients on use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for COVID-19 (https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-advises-patients-use-non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-nsaids-covid-19).
Vivanti A., Vauloup-Fellous C., Prevot S. et al. (2020) Transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-28884/v1.
Xu X., Han M., Li T. et al. (2020) Effective treatment of severe COVID‐19 patients with tocilizumab. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sc. USA, 117: 10970–10975. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005615117.
Webster C.M., Smith K.A., Manuck T.A. (2020) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in pregnant and postpartum women: a ten-year case series. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM, 2: 100108. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100108.
WHO (2020a) Breastfeeding and COVID-19 (https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/breastfeeding-and-covid-19).
WHO (2020b) Clinical management of COVID-19 (https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/clinical-management-of-covid-19).
Yan J., Guo J., Fan C. et al. (2020) Coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnant women: a report based on 116 cases. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 223(1): 111.e1–111.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.04.014.
Yu N., Li W., Kang Q. et al. (2020) Clinical features and obstetric and neonatal outcomes of pregnant patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective, single-centre, descriptive study. Lancet Infect. Dis., 20(5): 559–564. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30176-6.
Zaigham M., Andersson O. (2020) Maternal and perinatal outcomes with COVID-19: a systematic review of 108 pregnancies. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 99(7): 823–829. doi: 10.1111/aogs.13867.
Zamaniyan M., Ebadi A., Aghajanpoor S. et al. (2020) Preterm delivery, maternal death, and vertical transmission in a pregnant woman with COVID-19 infection. Prenat. Diagn., 10.1002/pd.5713. doi: 10.1002/pd.5713.
Yang Z., Wang M., Zhu Z., Liu Y. (2020) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy: a systematic review. J. Matern. Fetal. Neonatal. Med., 1–4. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1759541.
Zhang L., Jiang Y., Wei M. et al. (2020) Analysis of the pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with COVID-19 in Hubei Province. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi, 55(3): 166–1171. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112141-20200218-00111.